Adaptação brasileira do Questionário de Esquemas de Young - Versão Breve (YSQ-S3) / Brazilian adaptation of the Young Schema Questionnaire - Short Form (YSQ-S3) / Adaptación brasileña del Young Scheme Questionnaire - Versión Breve (YSQ-S3)

Este estudo tem como objetivo descrever o processo de adaptação semântica do Questionário de Esquemas de Young - versão breve (YSQ-S3) para o português brasileiro e apresentar dados preliminares da consistência interna do instrumento. Trata-se de um estudo instrumental que seguiu os passos de tradução, síntese, avaliação por experts, avaliação pelo público-alvo, retrotradução e estudo piloto. Inclui uma etapa de estudo de evidências preliminares, na qual foram aplicados o YSQ-S3 e uma ficha de dados sociodemográficos com 200 participantes para análise da consistência interna utilizando alfa de Cronbach. Os resultados indicam que o instrumento apresenta boa adequação semântica para uso no Brasil. A consistência interna total foi classificada como excelente. Destaca-se a importância do seguimento de estudos de evidências de validade. (AU)

This study aimed for the semantic adaptation of the Young Schema Questionnaire - short form (YSQ-S3) to Brazilian Portuguese and presents preliminary data on the internal consistency of the instrument. It was an instrumental study that followed the steps of translation, synthesis, expert and focus group evaluation, back-translation and pilot study. It included a preliminary evidence study stage, in which the YSQ-S3 and a sociodemographic data sheet with 200 participants were analyzed for internal consistency with Cronbach's alpha. The results indicate that the Brazilian version of the YSQ-S3 presents good semantic adequacy. Overall internal consistency was rated as excellent. A validation study of this version is currently being carried out. (AU)

Este estudio tiene como objetivo describir el proceso de adaptación semántica del Young Scheme Questionnaire - versión breve (YSQ-S3) para el idioma brasileño y presentar datos preliminares de la consistencia interna del instrumento. Se trata de un estudio instrumental que siguió los pasos de la traducción, síntesis, evaluación por los expertos, evaluación del público objetivo, retrotraducción y estudio piloto. Incluye una etapa de estudio de evidencias preliminares en las que se aplicaron el YSQ-S3 y una ficha de datos sociodemográficos con 200 participantes para el análisis de la consistencia interna a partir del alfa de Cronbach. Los resultados indicaron que el instrumento presenta buena adecuación semántica para uso en Brasil. La consistencia interna total fue clasificada como excelente. Se destaca la importancia del seguimiento de estudios de evidencias de validez. (AU)

The latent structure of the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form

Objective: The current study aimed to examine the latent structure of a web-based, Brazilian Portuguese version of the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (YSQ-SF). Method: The sample consisted of 15,557 adult participants - 4,702 men and 10,855 women - with age ranging from 18 to 60 years. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the a priori conceptual 15-factor model presumed to underlie the YSQ-SF item set. Results: Most items displayed high levels of reliability (factor loadings greater than 0.7) and low liability to random measurement error (residual variances below 0.02), indicating that the a priori YSQ-SF factor structure is adequate. Discussion: These findings offer empirical evidence supporting YSQ-SF construct validity and, consequently, its application in adults.

Young Schema Questionnaire: Factor Structure and Specificity in Relation to Anxiety in Chinese Adolescents

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to examine the factor structure of Young Schema Questionnaire-short form (YSQ-SF) in a sample of Chinese adolescents, and to explore which maladaptive schemas were associated with anxiety symptoms. METHODS: YSQ-SF was administered to 983 nonclinical Chinese adolescents aged 13–17 years. Confirmatory factor analyses with weighted least squares means and variance adjusted estimation were conducted to examine the factor structure of YSQ-SF. Stepwise regression analyses were performed to identify schemas associated with anxiety symptoms. RESULTS: A bifactor model with 15 correlated factors fitted the data better than other priori defined models. Stepwise regressions showed Vulnerability to harm, Abandonment, Emotional inhibition, Subjugation, and Unrelenting standards schemas were associated with anxiety symptoms. Furthermore, different anxiety symptoms were associated with common and distinctive schemas. CONCLUSION: Maladaptive schemas were already stably formed in Chinese adolescents, however there's no robust evidence for the existence of domain. The explanatory value of maladaptive schemas for understanding psychopathology of anxiety in adolescence is discussed.

Cuestionario de esquemas de Young CEY-S3: propiedades psicométricas en una muestra chilena mixta / Young Schema Questionnaire YSQ-S3: psychometric properties in an adult mixed sample from Chile

Resumen El Cuestionario de Esquemas de Young CEY-S3 es un instrumento que mide una taxonomía de 18 temas psicológicos centrales denominados esquemas desadaptativos tempranos, los cuales subyacerían a los trastornos de personalidad y a otros trastornos mentales. Esta investigación pretende estudiar las propiedades psicométricas del CEY-S3 en población chilena. Una muestra mixta de 85 pacientes de dos unidades de psiquiatría en hospitales públicos con diagnóstico de al menos un trastorno de la personalidad, y de 207 estudiantes universitarios no consultantes de dos universidades privadas. Los resultados muestran un buen ajuste para el modelo de 18 factores, una buena capacidad de discriminación por sexo y muestra clínica y no clínica, así como la consistencia interna de 17 de las 18 escalas es adecuada (α > 0.70). Estos resultados están en concordancia con los estudios de validación en distintas lenguas y culturas, lo que apoya su empleo en ámbitos clínicos o de investigación.

Abstract Young Schema Questionnaire, CEY-S3, is an instrument that measures a taxonomy of 18 central psychological themes called early maladaptive schemas, which would underlie personality disorders and other mental disorders. The aim of this investigation is analyze psychometric properties of CEY-S3 in a Chilean mixed sample of 85 patients with a diagnosis of personality disorders from two psychiatric units in public hospitals and a 207 university students sample from two private universities. The results show a good fit for the 18 factor model, a good ability to discriminate by sex and clinical and non-clinical sample, as well as the internal consistency of 17 of the 18 scales is adequate (α> 0.70). These results are in accordance with the validation studies in different languages and cultures, which supports their use in clinical or research fields.

Reliability and Validity of the Korean Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form-3 in Medical Students

OBJECTIVE: The Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ) is a self-report measure of early maladaptive schemas and is currently in its third revision; it is available in both long (YSQ-L3) and short (YSQ-S3) forms. The goal of this study was to develop a Korean version of the YSQ-S3 and establish its psychometric properties in a Korean sample. METHODS: A total of 542 graduate medical students completed the Korean version of the YSQ-S3 and several other psychological scales. A subsample of 308 subjects completed the Korean YSQ-S3 both before and after a 2-year test-retest interval. Correlation, regression, and confirmatory factor analyses were performed on the data. RESULTS: The internal consistency of the 90-item Korean YSQ-S3 was 0.97 and that of each schema was acceptable, with Cronbach's alphas ranging from 0.59 to 0.90. The test-retest reliability ranged from 0.46 to 0.65. Every schema showed robust positive correlations with most psychological measures. The confirmatory factor analysis for the 18-factor structure originally proposed by Young, Klosko, and Weishaar (2003) showed that most goodness-of-fit statistics were indicative of a satisfactory fit. CONCLUSION: These findings support the reliability and validity of the Korean version of the YSQ-S3.

The Role of Childhood Trauma on Early Maladaptive Schema Domain / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of childhood trauma on early maladaptive schema domains. METHODS: A total of 305 graduate students completed the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form, the Korean version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (K-CTQ), and the Beck Depression Inventory. RESULTS: According to the classification based on the total score of the K-CTQ, the group that experienced childhood trauma (n=41) showed higher scores than the group with no trauma (n=264) in all five schema domains. Subsequent multiple regression analyses revealed that four out of five schema domains were significantly explained by childhood trauma ; among them, childhood trauma was the most significant predictor of the Disconnection and Rejection schema domain, accounting for 15% of the total variance in this domain (F=8.1, p<0.001). In terms of the types of childhood trauma, emotional neglect had significant general effects on all schema domains except the Impaired Limits domain. CONCLUSION: These findings in a nonclinical sample support the notion that childhood traumatic experiences may significantly impact the maladaptive schema domains, particularly the Disconnection and Rejection schema domain. In addition, this study emphasized the diffuse impact of emotional neglect upon schema domains, which may be overlooked because of its implicit nature.

Validação brasileira do questionário de esquemas de Young: forma breve / Brazilian validation of Young schema questionnaire: short form

Esta pesquisa objetivou estudar as propriedades psicométricas da versão brasileira do questionário de esquemas de Young, forma reduzida, e mapear os esquemas cognitivos na amostra, buscando estabelecer correlações entre os níveis de ansiedade, depressão, desajustamento psicossocial e vulnerabilidade com os esquemas iniciais desadaptativos. A metodologia utilizada foi quantitativa, sendo a amostra da pesquisa constituída por 372 participantes. Os instrumentos utilizados foram um Questionário de Dados Sociodemográficos, o Questionário de Esquemas de Young - versão breve - e a Escala Fatorial de Ajustamento Emocional/Neuroticismo. Os resultados achados demonstraram a existência de validade na versão brasileira do Questionário de Esquemas de Young (forma breve) com relação à amostra estudada. Os resultados apontaram para o satisfatório grau de confiabilidade (a=0,955) e para a capacidade de discriminação do questionário, assim como para a validade concorrente com relação à escala fatorial de ajustamento emocional/neuroticismo.

The aim of this research was to study the psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the Young Schema Questionnaire (short form) and map the cognitive schemas in the sample by establishing correlations between Early Maladaptive Schemas and variables such as anxiety levels, depression, lack of psychosocial adaptation and vulnerability. The methodology was quantitative. The sample comprised 372 subjects. A Demographic Questionnaire, Young Schema Questionnaire (short form) and Factorial Scale of Emotional Adjustment/Neuroticism were used as the instruments of assessment. The findings demonstrate the validity of the Brazilian version of the Young Schema Questionnaire (short form) for this group. The results showed a satisfactory degree of reliability (a=0.955) and the questionnaire's ability to make distinctions, as well as the convergent validity with regard to the Factorial Scale of Emotional Adjustment/Neuroticism.

Avaliação dos esquemas iniciais desadaptativos: estudo psicométrico em alcoolistas / Evaluation of early maladaptive schemas: psychometric study in alcoholics

OBJETIVO: Este estudo objetiva apresentar as propriedades psicométricas do Questionário de Esquemas de Young - forma reduzida (YSQ-S2). MÉTODO: Foi realizado um estudo quantitativo, transversal, comparando um grupo clínico de alcoolistas com um grupo não clínico. Os resultados foram analisados com o alfa de Cronbach, o teste t de Student e a Análise Discriminante. A amostra da pesquisa foi constituída por 107 sujeitos, sendo 51 alcoolistas e 56 de uma amostra populacional do grupo de não alcoolistas. RESULTADOS: Foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas nas cinco áreas e nos 15 esquemas avaliados pelo questionário YSQ-S2 quando comparados os grupos clínico e não clínico. CONCLUSÃO: Foi observado que o YSQ-S2 é um instrumento capaz de detectar diferenças entre populações clínicas e não clínicas, sendo um importante recurso para uma avaliação mais profunda do funcionamento da personalidade do paciente.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims at presenting the psychometric properties of the Young Schema Questionnaire - short form (YSQ-S2). METHOD: We conducted a quantitative study, cross-sectional comparing a clinical with a non-clinical group and Cronbach's alpha, t test Student and Discriminant Analysis were used to analyze the results. The sample consisted of 107 subjects, 51 alcoholics and 56 non-alcoholics. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences were found in the five areas and the 15 schemes assessed by the YSQ-S2 questionnaire when comparing the clinical and non-clinical groups. CONCLUSION: YSQ-S2 was found to be an instrument that can detect differences between clinical and non-clinical populations, its use being essential for a deeper assessment of the patient's personality.

Stability of Early Maladaptive Schemas and Their Relationships with Depressive Symptoms : A 2-Year Follow-Up Study / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: Early maladaptive schemas (EMS) are assumed to be stable emotional and cognitive patterns that begin early in our development and are repeated throughout life. The primary aim of this study was to examine the two-year stability of EMS using the Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ). In addition, we investigated the relationship between EMS and depressive symptoms over time. METHODS: Seventy-nine medical students completed the YSQ-short form 3, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised during their first and third years of medical school. RESULTS: After controlling for depression severity, YSQ subscales showed significant test-retest correlations for all of the subscales (r between 0.49 and 0.77, ps<0.001). Mean scores for all of the subscales did not differ significantly at retest, with the exception of a significant reduction of vulnerability to harm/illness (t=3.71, p<0.001). Concerning the relationship with depression, some YSQ subscales showed association with the severity of depressive symptoms at each time point, as well as changes between two time points. In particular, the schemas of Defectiveness/Shame and Dependence/Incompetence showed a strong association with changes of depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrated that EMS measured using the YSQ may show con-siderable temporal stability over time, but, in part, may be affected by an individual's state, such as depression.

Terapia focada em esquemas: conceituação e pesquisas: [revisão] / Therapy focused on schemes: conceptualization and research: [revisão]

CONTEXTO: O presente estudo buscou mapear as pesquisas realizadas acerca da Terapia Focada em Esquemas e sobre o Questionário de Esquemas de Young. OBJETIVOS: Os principais objetivos desta revisão de literatura foram apresentar trabalhos conduzidos na abordagem, avaliar o Questionário de Esquemas de Young e identificar os centros de pesquisa mais envolvidos na produção científica neste modelo. MÉTODOS: A metodologia utilizada envolveu a revisão bibliográfica de artigos publicados em bases de dados no período de 1998 a 2007. Os descritores utilizados foram "Young Schema Questionnaire", "YSQ", "Schema Questionnaire", "Questionário de Esquemas" e "Terapia Focada em Esquemas". Nove artigos foram selecionados por terem estabelecido o foco na abordagem dos esquemas. RESULTADOS: Foi possível observar que os centros de pesquisas acerca dessa temática encontram-se espalhados em quatro dos cinco continentes - América, Europa, Ásia e Oceania. As propriedades psicométricas foram significantes quanto à consistência interna da escala e no que tange ao poder de discriminação, considerando-se as diferenças entre grupos clínicos e não-clínicos. CONCLUSÕES: De modo geral, os resultados relacionados ao Questionário de Esquemas de Young demonstraram ser este um importante instrumento disponível ao profissional da saúde mental para a utilização clínica ou no âmbito da pesquisa científica.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to review the studies conducted on the Therapy Focused on Schemes and on the Young Schema Questionnaire. OBJECTIVES: To find out the recent studies, to evaluate the Young Schema Questionnaire and identify the research centers more involved in scientific production related to this model. METHODS: The articles published in databases during/from the period of 1998 to 2007 were reviewed. The keywords used were "Young Schema Questionnaire", "YSQ", "Schema Questionnaire", "Survey of Schemes" and "Focused on Therapy Schemes". Nine articles were selected for having established the focus in addressing the schemes approach. RESULTS: It was possible to verify that the research centers on this field are nowadays spread in four of the five continents - America, Europe, Asia and Oceania. It was found that psychometrics properties were significant at the internal consistency of scale and regarding to indices of being a reliable and valid measure, considering the differences between clinical and non-clinical groups. DISCUSSION: In general, the results related to the Young Schema Questionnaire have demonstrated that it is an important measure available to the mental health professionals for uses it in clinical as well as research settings.